SYNOPSIS

• A flower is a compressed shoot which bears nodes and modified floral leaves.
  
  
• Parts of a Flower
  
  
  
  
  
  
• Difference between Monoecious and Dioecious Plants
  
  

  Monoecious Plants	Dioecious Plants
  Plants which bear flowers of both sexes. Example: Maize	Plants which produce exclusively staminate or pistillate flowers. Example: Date palm

• Structure of Microsporangium
  
  
  
  
• The process of formation of microspores from a pollen mother cell through meiosis is called microsporogenesis.
  
  
  
  
  

• A monocarpellary gynoecium consists of a single pistil, and a multicarpellary gynoecium has more than one pistil.

• When more than one pistils are fused together, it is called syncarpous. When the pistils are free, it is called apocarpous.

• The process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell is called megasporogenesis.

• Structure of a Typical Angiosperm Ovule
  
  

• Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or another flower of the same or different plant of the same species.

• Types of Pollination
  
  

• Emasculation is the technique in which the anthers of bisexual flowers are removed from the flower bud with the help of forceps before the anther dehisces.

• If the pollen is of the right type, the pistil accepts the pollen and promotes post-pollination events which leads to fertilisation.

• Double Fertilisation in Flowering Plants
  
  
  

• The endosperm is a highly nutritive tissue formed as a result of triple fusion and provides nourishment to the developing embryo.

• The zygote gives rise to the proembryo and the globular, heart-shaped mature embryo.

• The portion of the embryonal axis above the level of cotyledons is the called the epicotyl, while the cylindrical portion below the level of the cotyledons is called the hypocotyl.

• The seed is regarded as a fertilised mature ovule which bears an embryonic plant, a protective seed coat and often stored food material.

• Embryonic Seeds and Non-Endospermic Seeds
  
  

• Structure of Monocotyledonous and Dicotyledonous Seeds
  
  

• A fruit is regarded as a ripened ovary.

• A true fruit is a fruit which develops only from the ovary, whereas a false fruit is a fruit which develops from any floral part of the flower other than the ovary.

• Special Modes of Reproduction