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Excretory Products and their Elimination

Excretory Products and their Elimination PDF Notes, Important Questions And Synopsis

Excretory Products and Their Elimination PDF Notes, Important Questions and Synopsis

 

SYNOPSIS

 

  • Excretion is the process by which living organisms get rid of waste substances either totally or partially accumulated during metabolic activities.

  • Modes of Excretion in Animals


  • Organs of Excretion in Animals

    Animal group

    Excretory structures

    Protozoans
    • Contractile vacuole

    Sponges
    • Body surface

    Coelenterates
    • Body surface

    Platyhelminthes
    • Protonephridia or flame cells

    Annelids
    • Nephridia

    Echinoderms
    • Tube feet and dermal branchiae



  • Urine Formation


  • Counter Current Mechanism

    • In the two limbs of the loop of Henle, urine flows in the opposite direction which forms a 
    • counter current.
    • Similarly, the flow of blood in the two limbs of the vasa recta are also in the counter current pattern.
    • This system of a liquid flowing in the two limbs in two opposite directions is termed the counter 
    • current mechanism.
    • It helps to maintain the concentration gradient in the renal medulla and hence helps in concentrating urine in the loop of Henle.

  • Regulation of Kidney Function

    Myogenic Autoregulation

    		 Neural Control Hormonal Control

    • When the systemic blood pressure increases, the afferent arteriole narrows down which decreases GFR.
    • Nerve fibres of the sympathetic nervous system innervate the blood vessels of the kidneys which decreases GFR.
    • Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
    • Renin
    • Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

  • The process of release of urine is called micturition.

  • Role of Other Excretory Organs

    Sweat glands
    • Excrete sweat

    Lungs
    • Remove carbon dioxide and water vapour

    Liver

    •  Eliminates cholesterol, inactivated products of steroid hormones, vitamins and drugs

    Large intestine
    • Removes salts such as calcium phosphate
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