Request a call back

Join NOW to get access to exclusive study material for best results

Biomolecules

Biomolecules PDF Notes, Important Questions and Synopsis

 

SYNOPSIS

 

  • All the carbon compounds which we get from living tissues can be called biomolecules.
  • Macromolecules and their Functions

MACROMOLECULES

DESCRIPTION

FUNCTION

Polysaccharides

  • Mainly compounds of C, H and O.

  • Homopolysaccharides: Made of only 1 type of monosaccharide monomer (e.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, insulin).

  • Heteropolysaccharides: Made of more than 1 type of monosaccharide monomer.

 
  • Starch, glycogen - Storage food in plants and animals.

  • Cellulose, chitin - Provide a framework to cells.

Lipids

  • Mainly fats and their derivatives.

  • Simple lipids contain 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of long chain fatty acids.

  • Conjugated lipids contain other substances such as a phosphate group, protein molecule or carbohydrate molecule.

  • Derived lipids are formed or derived by the hydrolysis of simple or conjugated lipids.

 

  • Fats are oxidised to obtain energy.
  • They also act as food reserves.

 

Nucleic acids

  • Composed of polynucleotide chains - pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphoric acid.

  • DNA - Contains deoxyribose pentose sugar

  • RNA - Contains ribose pentose suga

 
  • DNA acts as the genetic material
  • RNAs show enzymatic activities

Proteins

  • Folded linear heteropolymers of amino acids.

  • Primary structure: Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain of a protein.

  • Secondary structure: Formation of hydrogen bonds between carboxyl oxygen and hydrogen atoms of other amino acids belonging either to the same polypeptide chain or to a different polypeptide chain.

  • Tertiary structure: Long protein polypeptide chains fold and bend on themselves extensively.

  • Quaternary structure: Each polypeptide chain is a subunit of the protein molecule.

 
  • Transport of nutrients across the cell membrane
  • Fighting infectious agents
  • Act as hormones and enzymes
  • Anabolism is the process by which large, complex molecules are made of simpler molecules.
  • Catabolism is the process by which large complex molecules are broken down into small, simpler compounds.
  • The rate of reaction refers to the amount of product formed per unit.
  • Rate = δp/δt
  • To initiate any chemical reaction, the substrate acquires a certain amount of energy which is called energy of activation.
  • When the substrate is bound to the enzyme’s active site, a new structure called the transition state structure is formed.





  • Mechanism of Enzyme Action




  • Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity



  • Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes

  • Some enzymes are associated with non-protein substances which make the enzyme catalytically active. Such non-protein groups are called co-factors.
    • Prosthetic group (e.g. peroxidase has haem as the prosthetic group)
    • Co-enzymes (e.g. Coenzyme A)
    • Metal ion (e.g. zinc associates with carboxypeptidases)
 

 

Download complete content for FREE PDF
NEET - Biology
Asked by hassannadaf0909 | 29 Jan, 2024, 09:07: PM
ANSWERED BY EXPERT ANSWERED BY EXPERT
NEET - Biology
Asked by myindiaisbad | 15 Jan, 2023, 01:54: AM
ANSWERED BY EXPERT ANSWERED BY EXPERT
NEET - Biology
Asked by patra04011965 | 30 Jun, 2022, 08:26: AM
ANSWERED BY EXPERT ANSWERED BY EXPERT
Get Latest Study Material for Academic year 24-25 Click here
×