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Solutions

Solutions PDF Notes, Important Questions And Synopsis

Solutions PDF Notes, Important Questions and Synopsis

SYNOPSIS

  • Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more components.
  • Solute: The substance present in a smaller amount in a solution.
  • Solvent: The substance present in a larger amount in a solution.
  • Binary solutions: Solutions which contain two components.
  • Types of Solutions:
    Gaseous Solutions

              Solute

               Solvent       

                      Common Examples

                 Gas

                  Gas

          Mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gases

                 Liquid

                  Gas

          Chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas

                 Solid

                  Gas

          Camphor in nitrogen gas


    Liquid Solutions

              Solute

               Solvent       

                       Common Examples

                 Gas

                  Liquid

              Oxygen dissolved in water

                 Liquid

                  Liquid

              Ethanol dissolved in water

                 Solid

                  Liquid

              Glucose dissolved in water


    Solid Solutions

              Solute

              Solvent

                    Common Examples

               Gas

               Solid

           Solution of hydrogen in palladium

              Liquid

               Solid

           Amalgam of mercury with sodium

              Solid

               Solid

            Copper dissolved in gold

  • Solubility: It is defined as the amount of solute dissolved in 100 g of solvent to form a saturated solution.

  • Solubility of a solid in a liquid:

    Effect of temperature: The solubility of a solid in a liquid increases with increase in temperature if dissolution is endothermic.
    If dissolution is exothermic, the solubility of a solid in liquid decreases with increase in temperature.
    Effect of pressure: The solubility of a solid in a liquid is not affected significantly by pressure because solids and liquids cannot be compressed.b

  • Saturated solution: A solution in which additional solute cannot be dissolved at the same temperature is called a saturated solution.

  • Unsaturated solution: A solution in which more amount of solute can be dissolved at the same temperature.

  • Supersaturated solution: A solution which contains more mass of the dissolved solute than the saturated solution at the same temperature and pressure.

  • Solubility of gases in a liquid: 
    Factors affecting the solubility of a gas in a liquid:

    1. Nature of gas
    2. Nature of liquid
    3. Temperature
    4. Pressure
  • Henry’s Law: 
    The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas.

  • Vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids:
    Raoult’s Law:
    The partial vapour pressure of each volatile component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction.

  • Ideal solutions:
    Solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration.
    Ideal solutions have two important properties:

    1. Enthalpy of mixing of the pure components to form the solution is zero.
    2. Volume of mixing is zero.
  • Non-ideal solutions:
    Solutions which do not obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration.

  • Azeotropic mixtures:
    Some liquid solutions of two (or more) components have the same composition in solution as well as in the vapour phase. Such mixtures are azeotropic and known as azeotropes.

  • Colligative properties:
    These are properties of the solution which depend on the number of solute particles present in the solution irrespective of the nature of solute and solvent.

  • Relative lowering of vapour pressure of solvent:
    The vapour pressure of a solvent in a solution is less than that of a pure solvent. According to Raoult’s law, the relative lowering in the vapour pressure of dilute solution is equal to the mole fraction of solute (non-volatile) present in the solution.

  • Elevation of boiling point:
    The difference in boiling point of solution and pure solvent is called the elevation of boiling point. It is directly proportional to the number of moles of solute in a given amount of solvent.

  • Depression in freezing point:
    The difference between the freezing point of a pure solvent and solution is directly proportional to the number of moles of solute in a given amount of solvent.

  • Osmosis:
    Osmosis is the tendency of a solvent to move through a thin porous (semi-permeable) membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution.

  • Isotonic solutions:
    Two solutions are said to be isotonic when they exert the same osmotic pressure because they have the same molar concentration.

  • Isosmotic solutions:
    When two isotonic solutions are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, no osmosis occurs and the two isotonic solutions are called isosmotic solutions.

  • Abnormal molecular mass:
    When the molecular mass calculated with the help of a colligative property is different from the theoretical molecular mass, it is called abnormal molecular mass.

  • Association:
    When the number of solute particles is less than the expected number, the solute molecules associate and the process is known as association.

  • Dissociation:
    When the number of solute particles is more than the expected number, the solute particles dissociate and the process is known as dissociation.

  • Degree of dissociation:
    The ratio of the number of molecules dissociated to the total number of molecules.

  • van’t Hoff Factor:
    The ratio of the experimental value of the colligative property to the theoretical value.

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JEE Main - Chemistry
what is azeotropic mixture, pls explain in simple words and in depth
Asked by bhyogita884 | 12 Jul, 2022, 02:55: AM
ANSWERED BY EXPERT ANSWERED BY EXPERT
JEE Main - Chemistry
what change is observed in boiling point of solvent when amount of solute is doubled?  
Asked by abdulraqeeb437 | 16 Jun, 2022, 08:38: PM
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JEE Main - Chemistry
Will 2 liquids which have same intermolecular force between their molecules (means intermolecular force between b-b= intermolecular force between a-a) have necessarily same vapour pressure???
Asked by akshatmi2005 | 21 May, 2021, 02:23: PM
ANSWERED BY EXPERT ANSWERED BY EXPERT
JEE Main - Chemistry
Calculate the molar conductance of 0.01M solution of an electrolyte which has a resistance of 210ohms at 298K. Cell constant is 0.88cm-1 
Asked by mrudulmahadev1311 | 20 Aug, 2019, 08:40: PM
ANSWERED BY EXPERT ANSWERED BY EXPERT
JEE Main - Chemistry
Sir while solving ,plz tell me each term of formula being applied here and the calculations .
Question image
Asked by vishakhachandan026 | 16 Aug, 2019, 07:47: PM
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JEE Main - Chemistry
Benzene and toulene form an ideal solution. The vapour pressure of benzene and toulene are 75 mm and 22 mm at 20°c.If the mole  fraction of benzene  and toulene in vapour phase are 0.63 and 0.37 respectively. Calculate the vapour pressure of ideal mixture.
Asked by sunilpatil4411 | 06 Mar, 2019, 07:34: PM
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JEE Main - Chemistry
Calculate the number of grams of glycerol C3H5(OH)3(MW=92.1g/mol) , that must be dissolved in5 520 gm   grams of water to raise the boiling point to 102.000c
Asked by s.ojaswini17 | 06 Feb, 2019, 01:59: AM
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JEE Main - Chemistry
In order to determine the molecular weight of a particular protein,0.01g of the protein was dissolved in water to make 2.93mL of solution. The osmotic pressure was determined to be 0.821 torr 20.00c at . What is the molecular weight of the protein?
Asked by s.ojaswini17 | 05 Feb, 2019, 02:29: AM
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JEE Main - Chemistry
1.102 ques
Question image
Asked by lovemaan5500 | 30 Jan, 2019, 12:01: PM
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JEE Main - Chemistry
1.101 ques
Question image
Asked by lovemaan5500 | 30 Jan, 2019, 11:59: AM
ANSWERED BY EXPERT ANSWERED BY EXPERT

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