CBSE Class 12-science Answered

Genetic engineering involves techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA), to introduce these into host organisms and thus, change the phenotype of the host organism.

Steps in rDNA technology:

(i) Isolation of DNA

(ii) Fragmentation of DNA by restriction endonucleases

(iii) Isolation of the desired DNA fragments

(iv) Amplification of gene of interest

(v) Ligation of the DNA fragment into a vector using DNA ligase

(vi) Transfer of recombinant DNA into the host organism

(vii) Culturing the host cell on a suitable medium on a large scale

(viii) Extraction of the desired product

(ix) Downstream processing of the products as finished products are ready for marketing