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CBSE Class 11-science Answered

Show four steps of carnot engine in P – V graph write the equation of each step and obtain the work done by the system. Also obtain the efficiency of a carnot engine.
Asked by juzarsiddhapurwala | 07 Mar, 2021, 10:08: PM
answered-by-expert Expert Answer
Carnot cycle consists of 4 process as explained below
 
(1) Isothermal expansion. Heat energy is absorbed from hot reservoir of high temperature TH ans work is done by system.
      In figure,  this process is shown from state A to state B
 
(2) Adiabatic expansion . System is cooled from High temperature TH to lower temperature TL adiabatically.
          In figure, this process is shown from state B to state C
 
(3) Isothermal compression . Thermodynamic fuel is compressed to intermediate pressure isothermally at low temperature TL.
         In figure, this process is shown from state C to state D
 
(4) adiabatic compression . Thermodynamic fuel is compressed adiabatically to initial pressure to close the cycle.
         In figure , this process is shown from state D to state A
 
Process Heat Transfer Q Workdone W Remarks
state A to state B
Isothermal expansion
 QAB = n R TH ln( VB / VA )     WAB = n R TH ln( VB / VA )
From First law of thermodynamics , Q = ΔU+W
Where Q is heat trasferred , ΔU is change in internal energy
and W is workdone . For isothermal process ΔU = 0
Hence we have Q = W
n is number of moles , R is universal gas constant,
TH is hot reservoir temperature,
VA and VB are  volume at state-A and state-B respectively

State B to State C
Adiabatic expansion
QBC = 0 WBC = [ n R ( TL - TH) ] / (1 - γ)
Adiabatic process heat transfer is zero
 TL is cold reservoir temperature and
γ is ratio of specific heat of thermodynamic fuel

State C to state D
Isothermal Compression
QCD = n R TL ln( VD / VC ) WCD = n R TL ln( VD / VC )
VC and VD are  volume at state-C and state-D respectively

 
State D to State A
Adiabatic compression
QDA = 0 WDA = [ n R ( TH - TL) ] / (1 - γ)  
 
 
Net Workdone = WAB + WCD = n R ( TH - TL ) ln( VB / VA
 
( In Carnot cycle , VB / VA = ( VC / VD ) , i.e. volume ratio for both isothermal process is same ,
 
We have used this in above expression to get net heat transfer )
 
Heat transfer from Hot reservoir =  QAB = n R ( TH - TL ) ln( VB / VA )
 
Efficiency = Net workdone / Heat transfer from Hot reservoir 
 
Efficiency =  [ n R ( TH - TL ) ln( VB / VA ) ] / [ n R TH ln( VB / VA )]
 
Efficiency = ( TH - TL ) / TH  = [ 1 - ( TL / TH ) ]
Answered by Thiyagarajan K | 08 Mar, 2021, 12:33: AM
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