Class 10 SELINA Solutions Chemistry Chapter 10 - Study of Compounds C. Nitric Acid

Intext 1

Ex. 10

Study of Compounds C. Nitric Acid Exercise Intext 1

Solution 1

Cold dil. nitric acid reacts with copper to form nitric oxide.

Solution 2

(a) Aqua fortis: Nitric acid is called aqua fortis. Aqua fortis means strong water. It is so called because it reacts with nearly all metals.

(b) Aqua Regia: Conc. Nitric acid (1part by volume) when mixed with conc. Hydrochloric acid (3 parts by volume) gives a mixture called aqua regia. It means Royal water.

HNO₃ +3HCl NOCl +2H₂O +2[Cl]

(c) Fixation of Nitrogen: The conversion of free atmospheric nitrogen into useful nitrogenous compounds in the soil is known as fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.

Solution 3

During lightning discharge, the nitrogen present in the atmosphere reacts with oxygen to form nitric oxide.

N₂+ O₂2NO

Nitric oxide is further oxidized to nitrogen dioxide.

2NO +O₂2NO₂

The nitrogen dioxide dissolves in atmospheric moisture in the presence of oxygen of the air and forms nitric acid which is washed down by the rain and combines with the salt present on the surface of the earth.

4NO₂+2H₂O +O₂ 4HNO₃

Solution 4

(a) A mixture of air and dry ammonia in the ratio of 10:1 by volume

(b) Platinum gauze

(d) ammonia : dry air :: 1 : 10

(e) Quartz is acid resistant. When packed in layers, it helps in dissolving nitrogen dioxide uniformly in water.

Solution 5

(a)Chemical equation is:

KNO₃+H₂SO₄ KHSO₄ +HNO₃

(b) Concentrated hydrochloric acid cannot replace Conc. Sulphuric acid for the preparation of nitric acid because hydrochloric acid is volatile acid and hence nitric acid vapours will carry HCl vapours.

(c) Conc. Nitric acid prepared in the laboratory is yellow in colour due to the dissolution of reddish brown coloured nitrogen dioxide gas in acid. This gas is produced due to the thermal dissociation of a portion of nitric acid.

4HNO₃ 2H₂O + 4NO₂ + O₂

The yellow colour of the acid is removed:

If dry air or CO₂ is bubbled through the yellow acid, the acid turns colourless because it drives out NO₂ from warm acid which is further oxidized to nitric acid.

By addition of excess of water, nitrogen dioxide gas dissolves in water and thus the yellow colour of the acid is removed.

(d)The temperature of the mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and sodium nitrate should not exceed 200^oC because sodium sulphate formed at higher temperature forms a hard crust which sticks to the walls of the retort and is difficult to remove. At higher temperature nitric acid may also decompose.

NaNO₃ + NaHSO₄ Na₂SO₄ + HNO₃

Solution 6(a)

Nitric acid forms a constant boiling mixture with water containing 68% acid. This mixture boils constantly at constant boiling point without any change in its composition. At this temperature, the gas and the water vapour escape together. Hence the composition of the solution remains unchanged. So nitric acid cannot be concentrated beyond 68% by distillation of dilute solution of HNO₃.

Solution 6(b)

Iron becomes inert when reacted with nitric acid due to the formation of extremely thin layer of insoluble metallic oxide which stops the reaction.

Passivity can be removed by rubbing the surface layer with the sand paper or by treating with strong reducing agent.

Solution 7

(a) When carbon and conc. Nitric acid is heated the products formed are Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide and water.

C + 4HNO₃ CO₂ + 2H₂O +4NO₂

(b) Copper when reacts with dilute HNO₃ forms Copper nitrate, Nitric oxide and water.

3Cu + 8 HNO₃ 3Cu(NO₃) ₂ +4H₂O + 2NO

Solution 8

(a) Reaction of nitric acid with non-metals:

C + 4HNO₃ CO₂ + 2H₂O + 4 NO₂

S + 6 HNO₃ H₂SO₄ + 2H₂O + 6 NO₂

(b) Nitric acid showing acidic character:

K₂O + 2HNO₃ 2KNO₃ + H₂O

ZnO + 2HNO₃ Zn(NO₃)₂ + H₂O

P₄ +20HNO₃ 4H₃PO₄ + 4H₂O + 20NO₂

3Zn +8HNO₃ 3Zn(NO₃)₂ +4H₂O +2NO

Solution 9

(a) When Sodium hydrogen carbonate is added to nitric acid sodium nitrate, carbon dioxide and water is formed.

NaHCO₃ + HNO₃ NaNO₃+H₂O +CO₂

(b) When Cupric oxide reacts with dilute nitric acid, it forms Copper nitrate.

CuO +2HNO₃ Cu(NO₃)₂ +H₂O

3 Zn +8HNO₃ 3Zn(NO₃)₂ +4H₂O +2NO

(d) 4HNO₃2H₂O + 4NO₂ + O₂

Solution 10

(a) Sodium nitrate:

NaOH + HNO₃ NaNO₃ +H₂O

Sodium hydroxide reacts with nitric acid to form sodium nitrate.

(b) Copper nitrate:

CuO + 2HNO₃ Cu(NO₃)₂ + H₂O

Copper oxide reacts with nitric acid to form copper nitrate.

Pb +4HNO₃ Pb(NO₃)₂ +2H₂O +2NO₂

Lead reacts with conc. nitric acid to form lead nitrate.

(d) Magnesium nitrate:

Mg +2HNO₃ Mg(NO₃)₂ +H₂

Magnesium with dil. nitric acid to form magnesium nitrate.

(e) Ferric nitrate:

Fe + 6HNO₃ Fe(NO₃)₃ +3H₂O + 3NO₂

Iron reacts with conc. nitric acid to form ferric nitrate.

(f) Aqua regia:

HNO₃ + 3HCl NOCl +2H₂O +2[Cl]

Nitric acid reacts with hydrochloric acid to form a mixture called aqua regia.

Solution 11

A: Copper can be converted into copper nitrate.

3Cu + 8HNO₃3Cu(NO₃)₂ + 4H₂O+ 2NO

B:2Cu(NO₃)₂ 2CuO + 4NO₂ + O₂

C:2Cu+ O₂ 2CuO

D:By reduction

2CuO + C 2Cu + CO₂

Solution 12

(a) HNO₃ is strong oxidizing agent.

(b) NaNO₃ gives NaNO₂ and oxygen on heating.

(d) Nitric acid turns yellow solution when exposed to light.

(e)

Study of Compounds C. Nitric Acid Exercise Ex. 10

Solution A 1

(b) KNO₃

Solution B 1

(a) Sodium nitrate

2NaNO₃ 2NaNO₂ +O₂

(b) A nitrate which on heating leaves no residue behind- Ammonium nitrate.

(d) A metal nitrate which on heating is changed into metal- Silver nitrate

(e) A solution which absorbs nitric oxide- Freshly prepared ferrous sulphate

(f) The oxide of nitrogen which turns brown on exposure to air. - nitric oxide

By catalytic oxidation of ammonia.

4 NH₃ + 5 O₂ 4 NO + 6 H₂O + Heat

(e) Nitrogen dioxide gas is produced when copper reacts with conc. HNO₃.

Solution B 3

(i) Sulphuric acid

(ii) Nitric acid

Solution B 4

(a) Potassium nitrate

(b) Ammonium nitrate

(d) Lead nitrate

Solution B 5

Name of Process	Inputs	Equations	Output
Ostwald process	Ammonia + Air		Nitric acid

Solution C 1(a)

The glass apparatus is purposely used because nitric acid vapours are highly corrosive in nature and corrode cork, rubber etc. if used as a stopper.

Solution C 3

(a) Reddish brown gas of NO₂ is observed.

(b) Yellow solid is formed which fuses with glass.

(c) When zinc nitrate crystals are strongly heated, they decompose into yellow-coloured zinc oxides and nitrogen dioxides, and oxygen gas is liberated.

(d) Reddish brown nitrogen dioxide gas is released, and the residue left behind is black copper oxide.

Solution D 1

(a) Nitrate.

(b) Sodium or potassium

(d) Ammonia

(e) (1)KNO₃ + H₂SO₄ KHSO₄ + HNO₃

(2) 2Pb(NO₃)₂ 2PbO + 4NO₂ +O₂

(3) Cu +4HNO₃ Cu(NO₃)₂ +H₂O +2NO₂

Solution D 2

(a) Three important uses of Nitric acid and the property of nitric acid involved is:

S.NO.	Use	Property
1.	To etch designs on copper and brassware.	Nitric acid act as solvent for large number of metals.
2.	To purify gold.	Impurities like Cu, Ag, Zn, etc. dissolve in nitric acid.
3.	Preparation of aqua regia.	Dissolves noble metals.

(b) Brown ring test

Procedure:

(i) Add freshly prepared saturated solution of iron (II)sulphate to the aq. solution of nitric acid.

(ii) Now add conc. Sulphuric acid carefully from the sides of the test tube, so that it should not fall drop wise in the test tube.

(iii) Cool the test tube in water.

(iv) A brown ring appears at the junction of the two liquids.

(c) A freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution is used because on exposure to the atmosphere, it is oxidized to ferric sulphate which will not give the brown ring.

Solution D 3

(a) X is copper nitrate.

Y is nitrogen dioxide.

Z is hydrogen sulphate.

(b)

(c)

Solution D 4

(a) Dilute nitric acid is generally considered a typical acid except for its reaction with metals because it does not liberate hydrogen. It is a powerful oxidising agent, and nascent oxygen formed oxidises hydrogen in water.

(b)

i. Reaction of dilute nitric acid with copper:

3Cu + 8HNO₃→ 3Cu(NO₃) + 4H₂O + 2NO

ii. Reaction of conc. nitric acid with copper:

Cu + 4HNO₃→ Cu(NO₃) + 2H₂O + 2NO₂

Solution D 5

(a) A (a liquid): Conc. sulphuric acid

B (a solid): Sodium nitrate

C (a liquid): Nitric acid

(b)

(c)

i. Reaction of dilute nitric acid with copper:

3Cu + 8HNO₃→ 3Cu(NO₃) + 4H₂O + 2NO

ii. Reaction of conc. nitric acid with copper:

Cu + 4HNO₃→ Cu(NO₃) + 2H₂O + 2NO₂

Solution 2012

c. Very dilute (about 1%) acid reacts with magnesium at room temperature to give magnesium nitrate and hydrogen gas.

Solution 2013

b. First, it decomposes with slight decrepitation, and second, it is reddish brown in colour when hot. After cooling, it turns yellow and fuses in glass.

Solution 2014

a. Nitric oxide

Solution 2015 (c)

(iii) An all-glass apparatus is used in the laboratory preparation of nitric acid, because nitric acid vapour corrodes rubber and cork.

Solution A 2

(b) FeSO₄

Solution A 3

Solution A 4

Correct option: (b) conc. H₂SO₄

Solution:

In the laboratory preparation of nitric acid, nitre is heated with conc. H₂SO₄.

Solution A 5

Correct option: (c) Ostwald’s process

Solution:

The Ostwald process is a process used for manufacturing Nitric acid. It converts ammonia to nitric acid and involves two steps, in step 1 ammonia is oxidized to form nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide and in the second step, nitrogen dioxide is absorbed in water which in turn forms nitric acid.

Solution A 6

Correct option: (a) Pt

Solution:

The catalyst used in the manufacture of HNO₃ is Platinum.

Solution A 7

Correct option: (b) NO

Solution:

Cold and dilute HNO₃ oxidises metals to their nitrates and liberates nitric oxide.

The reaction is as follows:

3Cu + 8HNO₃⟶ 3Cu(NO₃)₂ + 4H₂O + 2NO

Solution A 8

Correct option: (c) NO₃^-

Solution:

The brown ring test is used for the detection of NO₃^-.

As the name suggests, it detects the presence of nitrate ions by the formation of a brown ring at the junction of two layers of the solution.

6FeSO₄ + 3H₂SO₄ + 2HNO₃⟶ 3Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + 4H₂O + 2NO

FeSO₄ + NO ⟶ FeSO₄.NO

Nitroso ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄.NO) is a brown compound.

Solution A 9

Correct option: (c) H₂SO₄

Solution:

When a non-metal like sulphur reacts with concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃), the sulphur oxidises to sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄).

The chemical reaction can be depicted as:

S _(s) + 6HNO_{3 (aq)} ⟶ H₂SO_{4 (aq)} + 2H₂O _(l) + 6NO_{2 (g)}

Solution A 10

Correct option: (a) Freshly prepared FeSO₄

Solution:

The solvent for NO is a freshly prepared FeSO₄ solution.

Solution A 11

Correct option: (b) HNO₃

Solution:

Nitric acid acts as a solvent for a large number of metals except noble metals.

Solution A 12

Correct option: (d) decomposed in the presence of light

Solution:

Nitric acid decomposes on exposure to sunlight even at room temperature turning the colour yellow due to the formation of nitrogen dioxide which dissolves in the nitric acid giving a yellow colour.

Solution A 13

Correct option: (b) NH₄NO₃

Solution:

Ammonium nitrate decomposes explosively on heating leaving behind no residue and produces nitrous oxide (laughing gas) and water.

Solution B 2

(a) When sulphur is treated with conc. nitric acid, it produces nitrogen dioxide gas.

(b) When a few crystals of KNO₃ are heated in a hard glass test tube, it decomposes to form KNO₂, and O₂gas is librated.

Solution C 1(b)

Pure nitric acid is unstable to heat or sunlight. In the presence of sunlight, it decomposes even at room temperature.

Nitric acid stored in a bottle turns yellow. This colour is due to dissolved NO₂ in HNO₃. To avoid decomposition, nitric acid is normally stored in coloured bottles.

Solution C 1(c)

Iron is rendered passive with fuming HNO₃. This is due to the formation of insoluble metallic oxide which stops the reaction.

Solution C 1(d)

Dilute nitric acid is generally considered a typical acid but not in its reaction with metals, because the action of nitric acid on metals depends on the temperature and concentration of nitric acid. These conditions are not required in case of hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid.

Solution C 1(e)

Although pure concentrated nitric acid is colourless, it appears yellow when left standing in a glass bottle due to the dissolution of reddish brown nitrogen dioxide gas in the acid. Nitrogen dioxide is produced because of the thermal decomposition of a portion of nitric acid.

4HNO₃ → 2H₂O + 4NO₂ + O₂

Solution C 2

The dilute acid is nitric acid.

Reaction of dilute nitric acid with copper:

3Cu + 8HNO₃→3Cu(NO₃) + 4H₂O + 2NO

Solution C 4

Its oxidising property allows it to react with copper.

Solution C 5

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) Reaction of dilute nitric acid with copper:

3Cu + 8HNO₃→ 3Cu(NO₃) + 4H₂O + 2NO Reaction of conc. nitric acid with copper:

Cu + 4HNO₃→ Cu(NO₃) + 2H₂O + 2NO₂

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Class 10 SELINA Solutions Chemistry Chapter 10 - Study of Compounds C. Nitric Acid

Study of Compounds C. Nitric Acid Exercise Intext 1

Solution 1

Solution 2

Solution 3

Solution 4

Solution 5

Solution 6(a)

Solution 6(b)

Solution 7

Solution 8

Solution 9

Solution 10

Solution 11

Solution 12

Study of Compounds C. Nitric Acid Exercise Ex. 10

Solution A 1

Solution B 1

Solution B 3

Solution B 4

Solution B 5

Solution C 1(a)

Solution C 3

Solution D 1

Solution D 2

Solution D 3

Solution D 4

Solution D 5

Solution 2012

Solution 2013

Solution 2014

Solution 2015 (c)

Solution A 2

Solution A 3

Solution A 4

Solution A 5

Solution A 6

Solution A 7

Solution A 8

Solution A 9

Solution A 10

Solution A 11

Solution A 12

Solution A 13

Solution B 2

Solution C 1(b)

Solution C 1(c)

Solution C 1(d)

Solution C 1(e)

Solution C 2

Solution C 4

Solution C 5

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