Chapter 1: Force

Q. 1.. A force is applied on                                                                                                                                 [2M]

1. a rigid body and
2. non rigid body.

How does the effect of force differ in the two cases?

Q. 2. Explain the motion of a planet around the Sun in a circular path.                                                                   [2M]

Q. 3. What are                                                                                                                                                  [3M]

1. Centripetal forces
2. Centrifugal forces?

Q. 4. State and explain the principle of moments. Draw a diagram to illustrate.                                                      [4M]

Q. 5. A ball is placed near the periphery of a merry-go-round and is tied to its centre. Merry-go-round is rotating about an axis passing through its centre.                                                                                                                                 [4M]

1. What will be your observation when you are standing outside the merry-go- round? Explain it.
2. What will be your observation when you are standing at the centre of the merry-go-round? Explain it.

Chapter 2: Work, Energy and Power

Q. 1. A force is applied on a body of mass 20 kg moving with a velocity of 40 ms^-1. The body attains a velocity of 50 ms^-1 in 2 seconds. Calculate the work done by the body.                                                                                                     [2M]

Q. 2. How is work done by a force measured when the force:                                                                                [2M]

1. is in the direction of displacement?
2. is in an angle to the direction of displacement?

Q. 3. An engine can pump 30,000 litres of water to a vertical height of 45 metre in 10 minutes. Calculate the work done by the machine and the power.
(Density of water = 10³ kg/m³, 1000 litre = 1 m³, g = 9.8ms^-2)                                                                            [3M]

Q. 4. An object 'P' of mass m is lifted from a point A on ground to point B at a height 'h' above the Earth by Rina and Mita, but the path taken for doing it is different by both as shown                                                                                                     [3M]

1. Calculate the work done in both the situations.
2. In the above given cases, which force is doing positive work and which one is doing negative work?

Q. 5.                                                                                                                                                                     [4M]

(i) State the energy in the following while in use:

1. Burning of a candle.
2. A steam engine.

(ii) On what basis would you classify an energy source as renewable? State two advantages and two limitations of the energy received from the Sun.

Chapter 3: Machines

Q. 1. A type of single pulley is very often used as a machine even though it does not give any mechanical advantage.    [2M]

1. Name the type of pulley used.
2. For what purpose is such a pulley used?

Q. 2. Draw a simplified diagram of a lemon crusher, indicting of load and effort.                                                           [2M]
Q. 3. A coolie is pushing a box weighing 1500 N up an inclined plane 7.5 m long on to a platform 2.5 m above the ground. [3M]

1. Calculate the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane.
2. Calculate the effort applied by the coolie.

Q. 4. Derive a relationship between the mechanical advantage, the velocity ratio and the efficiency of a machine.           [3M]

Q. 5. A block and tackle pulley system has a velocity ratio of 3.                                                                                   [4M]

1. Draw a labelled diagram of this system. In your diagram, indicate clearly the points of application and the directions of the load and the effort.
2. Why should the lower block of this pulley system be of negligible weight?

Chapter 4: Refraction of Light at Plane Surfaces 

Q. 1.                                                                                                                                                                      [2M]

1. The refractive index of glass with respect to air is 1.5. What is the value of refractive index of air with respect to glass?
2. A ray of light is incident as a normal ray on the surface of separation of two different mediums. What is the value of the angle of incidence in this case?

Q. 2. What are the necessary conditions for the total internal reflection?                                                                      [2M]

Q. 3.                                                                                                                                                                      [2M]

1. Can the absolute refractive index of a medium be less than one?
2. A coin placed at the bottom of a beaker appears to be raised by 4.0 cm. If the refractive index of water is 4/3, find the depth of the water in the beaker.

Q. 4. The refractive index of glass is 1.5. From a point P inside a glass block, draw rays PA, PB and PC incident on that glass-air surface at an angle of 30^o, 42^o and 60^o respectively.                                                                                                 [3M]

1. In the diagram show the approximate direction of these rays as they emerge out of the block.
2. What is the angle of refraction for the ray PB?

Q. 5.  A ray of light of wavelength 5400Å suffers refraction from air to glass. Taking _aμ_g = 1.5 , find the wavelength of light in glass [3M]

Chapter 5: Refraction through a Lens

Q. 1. Riya claims to have obtained an image twice the size of the object with a concave lens. Is she correct? Give a reason for your answer.                                                                                                                                                                 [2M]

Q. 2. A lens forms the image of an object placed at a distance 15 cm from it, at a distance 60 cm in front of it. Find: (i) the focal length, (ii) the magnification, and the nature of image.                                                                                             [2M]

Q. 3. A linear object is placed on the axis of a lens. An image is formed by refraction in the lens. For all positions of the object on the axis of the lens, the position of the image is always between the lens and the object.                                                   [3M]

1. Name the lens.
2. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image of an object placed in front of the lens at any position of your choice except infinity.

Q. 4. An object AB is placed between 2F₁ and F₁ on the principal axis of the convex lens as shown in the diagram below:   [4M]

Copy the diagram and using the rays starting from point A, obtain the image of the object formed by the lens.

Chapter 6: Spectrum

Q. 1.                                                                                                                                                                     [2M]

1. Name a prism required for obtaining a spectrum of Ultraviolet light.
2. Name the radiations which can be detected by a thermopile.

Q. 2. Name the radiations:                                                                                                                                      [3M]

1. That are used for photography at night.
2. That are used for detection of fracture in bones.
3. Whose wavelength ranges from 100 Å to 4000 Å (or 10 nm to 400nm).

Q. 3. A type of electromagnetic wave has wavelength50Å                                                                                          [3M]

1. Name the wave.
2. What is the speed of the wave in vacuum?
3. State one use of this type of wave.

Q. 4. A ray of white light is passed through a glass prism and spectrum is obtained on a screen.                                   [3M]

1. Name the seven colours of the spectrum in order.
2. Do the colours have the same width in the spectrum?
3. Which of the colour of the spectrum of white light deviates (i) the most? (ii) the least? 

Q. 5. The diagram shown below shows the path taken by a narrow beam of yellow monochromatic light passing through an equiangular glass prism. Now the yellow light is replaced by a narrow beam of white light incident at the same angle. Draw another diagram to show the passage of the beam through the prism and label it to show the effect of prism on the white light.  [3M]

Chapter 7: Sound

Q. 1.                                                                                                                                                                     [2M]

1. State the safe limit of sound level in terms of decibel for human hearing.
2. Name the characteristic of sound in relation to its wave form.

Q. 2. Radar sends a signal to an aeroplane at a distance 45 km away with a speed of 3×108 ms^-1. After how long is the signal received back from the aeroplane?                                                                                                                          [2M]

Q. 3.                                                                                                                                                                         [3M]

1. A man standing between two cliffs produces a sound and hears two successive echoes at intervals of 3 s and 4 s respectively. Calculate the distance between the two cliffs. The speed of sound in the air is 330ms^-1.
2. Why will an echo not be heard when the distance between the source of the sound and the reflecting surface is 10m?

Q. 4.                                                                                                                                                                   [4M]

1. What is meant by the terms (a) amplitude and (b) frequency of a wave?
2. Explain why stringed musical instruments, like the guitar, are provided with a hollow box.

Q. 5. In the diagram below, A, B, C, D are four pendulums suspended from the same elastic string PQ. The length of A and C are equal to each other while the length of pendulum B is smaller than that of D. Pendulum A is set in to a mode of vibrations. [4 M]

1. Name the type of vibrations taking place in pendulums B and D?
2. What is the state of pendulum C?
3. State the reason for the type of vibrations in pendulum B and C.

Chapter 8: Current Electricity

Q. 1. The V-I graph for a series combination and for a parallel combination of two resistors is shown in the figure below. Which of the two A or B. represents the parallel combination? Give reasons for your answer.                                                                  [2M]

Q. 2.                                                                                                                                                                           [2M]

1. State Ohm’s law.
2. A metal wire of resistance 6 Ω is stretched so that its length is increased to twice its original length. Calculate its new resistance.

Q. 3. A cell of e.m.f. 1.5 V and internal resistance 1.0 Ω is connected to two resistors of 4.0 Ω and 20.0 Ω in a series as shown in the figure drawn below:                                                                                                                                                      [3M]

Calculate the:

1. Current in the circuit.
2. Potential difference across the 4.0 ohm resistor.
3. Voltage drop when the current is flowing.
4. Potential difference across the cell

Q. 4.                                                                                                                                                                         [3M]

1. Draw a graph of Potential difference (V) versus Current (I) for an ohmic resistor.
2. How can you find the resistance of the resistor from this graph?
3. What is a non-ohmic resistor?

Q. 5. Five resistors of different resistances are connected together as shown in the figure below. A 12 V battery is connected to the arrangement. Calculate:                                                                                                                                             [4M]

1. The total resistance of the circuit.
2. The total current flowing through the circuit.
   
   

Q. 6. A cell of emf 2 V and internal resistance 1.2 Ω is connected with an ammeter of resistance 0.8 Ω and two resistors of 4.5 Ω and 9 Ω as shown in the diagram below:                                                                                                                         [4M]

1. What would be the reading on the Ammeter?
2. What is the potential difference across the terminals of the cell.

Chapter 11: Thermionic Emission and Radioactivity

Q. 1. Which of the radioactive radiations                                                                                                          [2M]

1. Can cause severe genetic disorders?
2. Are deflected by an electric field?

Q. 2. Complete the following nuclear changes:

 

Q. 3. Arrange α, β, and γ rays in ascending order with respect to their                                                               [3M]

1. Penetrating power.
2. Ionizing power.
3. Biological effect.

Q. 4.

1. What happens to the atomic number of an element when it emits:
   a) Atomic number decreases by 2.
   b) Atomic number increases by 1.
2. Alpha particles are positively charged and beta particles are negatively charged. Hence, they are deflected by electric and magnetic fields. Gamma rays are not deflected because they are neutral in nature.

Chapter 1: Force

Q. 1. A force is applied on                                                                                                                                 [2M]

1. a rigid body and
2. non rigid body.

How does the effect of force differ in the two cases?

Solution: When force is applied to a non-rigid body, it can change its shape or dimensions and can also produce acceleration. When force is applied to a rigid body, it tends to produce acceleration in the body.

Q. 2. Explain the motion of a planet around the Sun in a circular path.                                                                 [2 M]

Solution: The sun binds the planet to move along the orbit around it by its gravitational force. This attractive force provides the necessary centripetal force which keeps the planet moving along the orbit. Although the speed is constant, the direction of motion is not constant. Thus, this uniform circular motion is said to be accelerated motion as the direction of motion keeps on changing continuously. Also, the centripetal force with the help of which the planet moves around the sun is perpendicular to the direction of motion, and hence, the work done by the planet in moving along the circular path around the sun is zero.

Q. 3. What are                                                                                                                                                 [3M]

1. Centripetal forces
2. Centrifugal forces?

Q. 4. State and explain the principle of moments. Draw a diagram to illustrate.                                                    [4M]

Solution: Principle of moments: According to this principle, in equilibrium, the sum of the anticlockwise moments is equal to the sum of the clockwise moments.

To illustrate the principle, consider a uniform rod of length (d₁+d₂) resting on a knife edge. Two forces F₁ & F₂ (such that F₁> F₂) are applied to its two ends (both in the same downward direction). Since the two forces are unequal, the equilibrium point is not in the middle but towards the larger force F₁.

Force F₂ tends to turn the rod clockwise, while force F₁ tends to turn the rod anticlockwise.
i.e. Clockwise moment = F₂ x d₂
Anticlockwise moment= F₁ x d₁
In equilibrium, clockwise moment = Anticlockwise moment
i.e. = F₂ x d₂ = F₁ x d₁
This illustrates the principle of moments.

Q. 5. A ball is placed near the periphery of a merry-go-round and is tied to its centre. Merry-go-round is rotating about an axis passing through its centre.                                                                                                                                      [4M]

1. What will be your observation when you are standing outside the merry-go- round? Explain it.
2. What will be your observation when you are standing at the centre of the merry-go-round? Explain it.

Chapter 2: Work, Energy and Power

Q. 1. A force is applied on a body of mass 20 kg moving with a velocity of 40 ms^-1. The body attains a velocity of 50 ms^-1 in 2 seconds. Calculate the work done by the body.                                                                                                            [2M]

Solution: v = u + at 

Q. 2. How is work done by a force measured when the force:                                                                              [2M]

1. is in the direction of displacement?
2. is in an angle to the direction of displacement?

Q. 3. An engine can pump 30,000 litres of water to a vertical height of 45 metre in 10 minutes. Calculate the work done by the machine and the power.
(Density of water = 10³ kg/m³, 1000 litre = 1 m³, g = 9.8ms^-2)                                                                    [3M]

Solution: Workdone = Potential energy

potential energy = mgh = 30000 × 9.8 × 45 = 13230000 Joule

=1323 kJ

Q. 4. An object 'P' of mass m is lifted from a point A on ground to point B at a height 'h' above the Earth by Rina and Mita, but the path taken for doing it is different by both as shown                                                                                             [3M]

1. Calculate the work done in both the situations.
2. In the above given cases, which force is doing positive work and which one is doing negative work?

Q. 5.                                                                                                                                                                     [4M]

(i)State the energy in the following while in use:

1. Burning of a candle.
2. A steam engine

(ii) On what basis would you classify an energy source as renewable? State two advantages and two limitations of the energy received from the Sun.

Chapter 3: Machines

Q. 1. A type of single pulley is very often used as a machine even though it does not give any mechanical advantage.       [2M]

1. Name the type of pulley used.
2. For what purpose is such a pulley used?

Q. 2. Draw a simplified diagram of a lemon crusher, indicting of load and effort.                                                              [2M]

Solution: 

Q. 3. A coolie is pushing a box weighing 1500 N up an inclined plane 7.5 m long on to a platform 2.5 m above the ground. [3M]

1. Calculate the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane.
2. Calculate the effort applied by the coolie.

(i) Mechanical advantage of inclined plane = 

(ii) 

Q. 4. Derive a relationship between the mechanical advantage, the velocity ratio and the efficiency of a machine.               [3M]

Solution:

Q. 5. A block and tackle pulley system has a velocity ratio of 3.                                                                                       [4M]

1. Draw a labelled diagram of this system. In your diagram, indicate clearly the points of application and the directions of the load and the effort.
2. Why should the lower block of this pulley system be of negligible weight?

Chapter 4: Refraction of Light at Plane Surfaces

 Q. 1.                                                                                                                                                                           [2M]

1. The refractive index of glass with respect to air is 1.5. What is the value of refractive index of air with respect to glass?
2. A ray of light is incident as a normal ray on the surface of separation of two different mediums. What is the value of the angle of incidence in this case?

Q. 2. What are the necessary conditions for the total internal reflection?                                                                         [2M]

Solution: Two necessary conditions for total internal reflection:

1. The light must travel from a denser to a rarer medium.
2. The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle for the pair of media.

 Q. 3.                                                                                                                                                                         [2M]

1. Can the absolute refractive index of a medium be less than one?
2. A coin placed at the bottom of a beaker appears to be raised by 4.0 cm. If the refractive index of water is 4/3, find the depth of the water in the beaker.

Q. 4. The refractive index of glass is 1.5. From a point P inside a glass block, draw rays PA, PB and PC incident on that glass-air surface at an angle of 30^o, 42^o and 60^o respectively.                                                                                                             [3M]

1. In the diagram show the approximate direction of these rays as they emerge out of the block.
2. What is the angle of refraction for the ray PB?

Q. 5.  A ray of light of wavelength 5400Å suffers refraction from air to glass. Taking _aμ_g = 1.5 , find the wavelength of light in glass. 3M]

Solution: Refractive index of glass wrt air

Chapter 5: Refraction through a Lens

Q. 1. Riya claims to have obtained an image twice the size of the object with a concave lens. Is she correct? Give a reason for your answer.                                                                                                                                                                   [2M]

Solution: False. A concave lens always gives a diminished, virtual image irrespective of the position of the object from the lens.

Q. 2. A lens forms the image of an object placed at a distance 15 cm from it, at a distance 60 cm in front of it. Find: (i) the focal length, (ii) the magnification, and the nature of image.                                                                                                [2M]

Solution: Object distance, u = -15 cm

Image distance, v = -60 cm

1. Lens Formula is
   
   
   
2. For a lens, magnification is 
   
   Image is erect, virtual and magnified.

Q. 3. A linear object is placed on the axis of a lens. An image is formed by refraction in the lens. For all positions of the object on the axis of the lens, the position of the image is always between the lens and the object.                                                    [3M]

1. Name the lens.
2. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image of an object placed in front of the lens at any position of your choice except infinity.

1. Concave lens
2. 
   

Q. 4. An object AB is placed between 2F₁ and F₁ on the principal axis of the convex lens as shown in the diagram below:   [4M]

Copy the diagram and using the rays starting from point A, obtain the image of the object formed by the lens.

Solution:

Chapter 6: Spectrum

Q. 1.                                                                                                                                                                     [2M]

1. Name a prism required for obtaining a spectrum of Ultraviolet light.
2. Name the radiations which can be detected by a thermopile.

Q. 2. Name the radiations:                                                                                                                                      [3M]

1. That are used for photography at night.
2. That are used for detection of fracture in bones.
3. Whose wavelength ranges from 100 Å to 4000 Å (or 10 nm to 400nm).

Q. 3. A type of electromagnetic wave has wavelength50Å                                                                                          [3M]

1. Name the wave.
2. What is the speed of the wave in vacuum?
3. State one use of this type of wave.

Q. 4. A ray of white light is passed through a glass prism and spectrum is obtained on a screen.                                   [3M]

1. Name the seven colours of the spectrum in order.
2. Do the colours have the same width in the spectrum?
3. Which of the colour of the spectrum of white light deviates (i) the most? (ii) the least? 

Q. 5. The diagram shown below shows the path taken by a narrow beam of yellow monochromatic light passing through an equiangular glass prism. Now the yellow light is replaced by a narrow beam of white light incident at the same angle. Draw another diagram to show the passage of the beam through the prism and label it to show the effect of prism on the white light.  [3M]

Solution:

Chapter 7: Sound

Q. 1.                                                                                                                                                                     [2M]

1. State the safe limit of sound level in terms of decibel for human hearing.
2. Name the characteristic of sound in relation to its wave form.

Q. 2. Radar sends a signal to an aeroplane at a distance 45 km away with a speed of 3×108 ms^-1. After how long is the signal received back from the aeroplane?                                                                                                                          [2M]

Solution:  time = distance/speed
We have distance = 90 km (the signal has to travel from the transmitter to the target and return to the transmitter).
Speed = 3 × 10⁸ m/s
Time = (90×1000)/(3 × 10⁸ m/s)= 3 × 10^-5 m/s = 300 μs

Q. 3.                                                                                                                                                                         [3M]

1. A man standing between two cliffs produces a sound and hears two successive echoes at intervals of 3 s and 4 s respectively. Calculate the distance between the two cliffs. The speed of sound in the air is 330ms^-1.
2. Why will an echo not be heard when the distance between the source of the sound and the reflecting surface is 10m?

Q. 4.                                                                                                                                                                   [4M]

1. What is meant by the terms (a) amplitude and (b) frequency of a wave?
2. Explain why stringed musical instruments, like the guitar, are provided with a hollow box.

Q. 5. In the diagram below, A, B, C, D are four pendulums suspended from the same elastic string PQ. The length of A and C are equal to each other while the length of pendulum B is smaller than that of D. Pendulum A is set in to a mode of vibrations. [4 M]

1. Name the type of vibrations taking place in pendulums B and D?
2. What is the state of pendulum C?
3. State the reason for the type of vibrations in pendulum B and C.

1. The vibration in pendulums B and D is forced vibration.
2. It is in resonance with pendulum C because of the same length of the string.
3. Pendulums C and A have the same length, and hence, they vibrate in the same phase and resonance occurs. In case of pendulum B, the length is shorter, and hence, it vibrates with lesser amplitude.

Chapter 8: Current Electricity

Q. 1. The V-I graph for a series combination and for a parallel combination of two resistors is shown in the figure below. Which of the two A or B. represents the parallel combination? Give reasons for your answer.                                                                  [2M]

Solution:  The slope of V vs. I gives resistance.

From the figure, the slope of curve A is less than that of curve B.
In parallel combination, the equivalent resistance is less than the least resistance used. Therefore, line A represents a parallel combination of resistors.

Q. 2.                                                                                                                                                                           [2M]

1. State Ohm’s law.
2. A metal wire of resistance 6 Ω is stretched so that its length is increased to twice its original length. Calculate its new resistance.

Q. 3. A cell of e.m.f. 1.5 V and internal resistance 1.0 Ω is connected to two resistors of 4.0 Ω and 20.0 Ω in a series as shown in the figure drawn below:                                                                                                             [3M]

Calculate the:

1. Current in the circuit.
2. Potential difference across the 4.0 ohm resistor.
3. Voltage drop when the current is flowing.
4. Potential difference across the cell

1. Draw a graph of Potential difference (V) versus Current (I) for an ohmic resistor.
2. How can you find the resistance of the resistor from this graph?
3. What is a non-ohmic resistor?

Q. 5. Five resistors of different resistances are connected together as shown in the figure below. A 12 V battery is connected to the arrangement. Calculate:                                                                                                               [4M]

1. The total resistance of the circuit.
2. The total current flowing through the circuit.
   
   

1. Total resistance
   
   
   
2. V = IR_eff
   12 = I × 18
   I = 0.67 A

Q. 6. A cell of emf 2 V and internal resistance 1.2 Ω is connected with an ammeter of resistance 0.8 Ω and two resistors of 4.5 Ω and 9 Ω as shown in the diagram below:                                                                                                                         [4M]

1. What would be the reading on the Ammeter?
2. What is the potential difference across the terminals of the cell.