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Light Reflection and Refraction

CBSE Class 10 Physics Light Reflection and Refraction

Reflection of Light

The process of sending back the light rays which falls on the surface of an object is known as reflection of light.
Laws of reflection 1: The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
Laws of reflection 2: The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Lateral Inversion is the interchange of left and right side of an object as viewed in a plane mirror.

Spherical Mirrors

A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards and polished on the inner spherical surface is convex mirror.
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards and polished on the outer spherical surface is concave mirror.
The point on the principal axis where rays are incident parallel to the principal axis converge to or appear to diverge from after reflection is known as the principal focus of the spherical mirror.

Reflection by Spherical Mirrors

As the object moves towards the pole of concave mirror, the image moves away from the pole except when the object is placed between focus and pole of the mirror.
As the object moves towards the pole of concave mirror, the size of image increases and it's highly enlarged when object is at focus.
As the object moves towards the pole of the convex mirror, the size of image increases but its nature is always virtual and erect.

Mirror Formulae

Define New Cartesian Sign convention, object/image distance, mirror formula and magnification produced by spherical mirrors

Refraction of Light

The phenomenon of bending of light from its straight-line path at the interface of two media is called refraction.
Laws of refraction: The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal are co-planar.
Laws of Refraction 2: The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant for a given pair of medium and for a given wavelength of light.

Refraction Through Glass

The ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in a medium is called the refractive index of the medium.
The shifting of emergent ray sideways from the direction of original incident ray in a glass slab is called lateral displacement.
The angle through which a ray of light turns on passing through a prism is called the angle of deviation.

Refraction Through Spherical Lens

As the object moves towards the optical centre of convex lens, the image moves away from the optical centre except when the object is placed between focus and optical centre of the lens.
As the object moves towards the optical centre of the convex lens, the size of image increases and it's highly enlarged when object is at focus.

Lens Formulae

Define New Cartesian Sign convention, object/image distance, lens formula, magnification, power and combined focal length of thin spherical lenses.

Spherical Lens and its Power

A lens that is thicker at the middle than at the edges is called a convex lens, while a lens that is thicker at the edges is called a concave lens.
Convex lens converges the rays of light after refraction while concave lens diverges.
Spherical lens has two focuses: first and second principle focus.
Convex lens has real and concave lens has virtual focus.

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