Class 9 MAHARASHTRA STATE TEXTBOOK BUREAU Solutions Social Studies Chapter 10 - Urbanisation

• Job opportunities should be created in the rural areas so that people are not forced to migrate to cities.
• Affordable houses should be provided to the people of low-income groups.

• People should use of carpooling to avoid traffic congestion.
• Public transport should be made more efficient so that people use them more than the private mode of transport.
• Efforts should be made to broaden the narrow roads.

• Many people become criminal due to the lack of opportunities to earn. Efforts should be made at the grass root level to educate the people so that they may find employment opportunities.
• Create job opportunities for skilled and unskilled people.
• The government should take strict action against the hard core criminals to make cities safe for men and women.

• Switching to cleaner fuels like driving CNG vehicles or electric vehicles
• Efforts should be made to carpool while travelling to cut down fuel emission.
• Driving a programme to plant trees as large tree cover helps in purifying air.
• Strict action should be taken against industries which are pollution air.

• Job opportunities should be created in the rural areas so that people are not forced to migrate to cities.
• A drive should be made to educate the people living in slums.
• Basic healthcare facilities should be provided to people living in slums. They should be made aware of the hazards of residing in an unclean environment.

• Technology and mechanisation have led to urbanisation.
• People in Villages are using large machines in their fields. It has also improved the agricultural output.

• When a place in a region is favourable in terms of transport, loading-unloading and storage of goods, it developes into a trade centre.
• This leads to the growth of business complexes, banks, credit societies, godowns, cold storage, houses, etc.
• For example, Nagpur's central location has facilitated trade and hence urbanisation has also taken place here.

• Industrialisation has been able to provide jobs to millions of people in the country.
• It has also reduced the dependence of people on agriculture.
• Industrialisation has led to urbanisation. Many fishing villages (Koliwadas) became part of Mumbai metropolitan2 area due to industrialisation and urbanisation.

• Urbanisation has led to the creation of several amenities in cities.
• Transportation, communication, educational and medical facilities, fire brigade, etc. have been established in several cities.
• Good transportation facilities have made travelling easier for the people. People have moved into urban areas in search of better education facilities.
• To avail medical facilities, many patients and their family members come from different parts and stay in urban centres for short periods.

• Availability of job opportunities and provision of good education and health facilities help people to live in peace.
• Celebration of festivals and respecting social and cultural customs of each other create social harmony.
• Social harmony establishes peace and leads to the development of a region and the nation.

• As cities grow, people start living in its outskirts and suburbs.
• People commute from the suburbs to the centre of the city for businesses and industries, trade, jobs, education, etc.
• Public transportation system is not sufficient and hence the number of private vehicles increases.
• This leads to an increase in traffic jams and travelling time increases significantly.
• For example, cities like Mumbai and Bangalore have seen large influx of people. This has resulted in heavy traffic jams in various pockets of these two cities.

• Industrialisation refers to the growth in number of industries in a particular region.
• Industries release heavy smoke resulting in air pollution. They also routinely violate the environmental laws.
• Places like Delhi and Kanpur have a large number of industries and hence they are heavily polluted.

• As job opportunities are limited in rural areas, people migrate to cities in search of employment.
• They are economically weak and cannot afford to rent a house in the city.
• Thus, they build illegal temporary structures in open spaces. They do not get basic facilities.
• Increased migration results in the rise of the number of slums.

• Amenities refers to facilities that provide comfort, convenience or pleasure to people.
• Transportation, communication, educational and medical facilities, fire brigade, etc. are the examples of amenities available in urban areas.
• Unemployed people who have migrated to the cities are unable to avail these amenities.
• This leads to an increase in thefts, burglaries, scuffles5, murders, etc. which disturb the social harmony of the cities. e.g. Pick pocketing in the local trains.

• In rural areas, industries are set up like factories, mills, energy plants, multi-purpose projects etc.
• People come from the surrounding regions to work here and thus the population of the village increases.
• To fulfil their needs, other services also develop like medical facilities, food, hospitals, recreation, etc. The extent of villages grows.
• The Gram Panchayat providing public services to the village gives way to Municipal Council or Municipal Corporation.
• Gradually, villages turn into towns and towns develop into cities and all other basic infrastructure improves.

• A planned city of my imagination will have good infrastructural facilities like broad roads, recreation activities, regular water and power supply.
• A city should be well planned with good drainage facilities and an adequate green cover.
• Crime rates should be low and the city should be safe for women.
• The city should be clean with minimum pollution.

• The development and concentration of industries in a region is a factor contributing towards urbanization.
• Increase in industries leads to increase in the hopes of people who are attracted towards these industries from surrounding areas.
• This also results in the development of various infrastructure facilities like roads, opening of medical and educational centres.
• Increase in industries leads to increase in the hopes of people who are attracted towards these industries from surrounding areas.

• Pollution is a major problem in the cities. It has adverse effects on urban life. Air pollution, noise pollution and water pollution are clearly visible.
• Increase in the development of the city, paucity of facilities and breaking of laws makes pollution a big problem. As cities grow, pollution also increases.

• Swachchh Bharat ampaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
• Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or Clean India Mission is a country-wide campaign initiated by the Government of India in 2014 to eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management.

The above picture shows the problem of air pollution. The following measures can be taken to solve this problem:

• Industries should focus on greener, more energy-efficient operations to reduce the amount of pollution generated by them.
• Factory operators can also employ abatement mechanisms that help destroy pollutants before they enter the atmosphere.

The above picture shows the problem of land pollution generated due to urbanisation.

• Open dumping of wastes by people should be discouraged and fines should be imposed on people who dump wastes.
• Wates should be segregated into wet and dry and biodegradable wastes should be recycled.

The above picture is of noise pollution. Following measures can be taken to tackle this problem:

• Loudspeakers should not be given permission to play music above certain decibel level.
• They should play music only within a certain time limit.

The above picture shows the problem of water pollution.

• Wastes should not be thrown into water and there should be a different channel for sewage disposal.
• Industrial wastes and effluents should be treated before being discharged into water.