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Class 10 MAHARASHTRA STATE TEXTBOOK BUREAU Solutions Science Chapter 9 - Carbon compounds

Carbon compounds Exercise Ex. 9

Solution 1

Solution 2

  1. Methane
  2. Ethene
  3. Methanol
  4. Water

Solution 3

  1. C3H8
  2. C4H10
  3. C3H4

Solution 4

  1. Structural isomerism: Compounds having same molecular formula but different structures, i.e. arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms within molecules are called structural isomers and the phenomenon is called structural isomerism.
  2. Covalent Bond: A covalent bond or molecular bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between the bonding atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding.
  3. Hetero atom in a carbon: Hetero atom is the atom other than hydrogen and carbon and it will be only one atom while functional group is an atom or group of atoms which decides the properties of compounds.
  4. Functional group: An atom or a group of atoms present in the molecules, which determines the characteristics property of the organic compounds, is called the functional group.
  5. Alkane: Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with general formula CnH2n+2. Alkanes form a homologous series in which successive members differ by unit of -CH2 group.
  6. Unsaturated hydrocarbon: Hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a 'double bond' or a 'triple bond' is called an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are of two types. (a) Alkenes (b) Alkynes
  7. Homopolymer: Homopolymerisation is the polymerisation of a single type of monomer to form a homopolymer. For example: polyethylene.
  8. Monomer: A monomer is a small molecule that reacts with a similar molecule to form a larger molecule. It can undergo polymerisation thereby contributing constitutional units to the essential structure of a macromolecule.
  9. Reduction: Reaction in which an element releases high electronegative atom like oxygen or gains a less electronegative atom like hydrogen is called as reduction. In this process oxidation number of central atom decreases.
  10. Oxidant: An oxidant or oxidising agent is an atom or ion which gains an electron or electrons.  
    Example: S + 2e-  S2- 

Solution 5

  1. Butane
  2. Propan-2-ol
  3. Propanoic acid
  4. Ethan-1-amine
  5. Ethanal
  6. Butanone

Solution 6

  1. Oxidation Reaction
    Propanol is oxidized to propanoic acid
  2. Combustion reaction
    Propane in the presence of air gives carbon dioxide and water.
  3. Addition Reaction
    Bromine attacks on the double bond to give vicinal dihalide.
  4. Substitution reaction
    Chlorine replaces the hydrogen and the second chlorine forms the byproduct HCl.
  5. Dehydration reaction
    Butanol reacts in the presence of acid to give alkene with the removal of water.
  6. Neutralization reaction
    Ethanoic acid in presence of base NaOH gives salt and water.
  7. Esterification reaction
    Acetic acid and methanol reacts to give ester (methyl methanoate) as the product.

Solution 7

Solution 8 (a)

There are two resons for existence of very large number of carbon atoms.

  1. Tetravalency- Carbon has 4 valency so it can attach to 4 atoms. So carbon share these 4 electrons and forms 4 covalent bonds.
  2. Catenation- It is the ability to form long chain by Carbon. It doesn't gain or lose electron but can electron easily with H and C and forms a long chain.

Solution 8 (b)

  • Straight chain saturated hydrocarbon. Example: Propane.
  • Branched chain saturated hydrocarbon. Example: Isobutane.
  • Cyclic saturated hydrocarbons. Example: Cyclohexane.

Solution 8 (c)

functional groups containing oxygen as the heteroatom in it :

  1. Alcohol: R-OH
    Example: C2H5OH
    Common name: Ethyl alcohol
    IUPAC name: Ethanol
  2. Aldehyde: RCHO
    Example: CH3CHO
    Common name: Acetaldehyde
    IUPAC name: Ethanal
  3. Ketone: R-CO-R'
    Example: CH3COC2H5
    Common name: Diethyl ketone
    IUPAC name: Pentanone
  4. Ether: R-O-R'
    Example: CH3-O-C2H5
    Common name: Ethyl methyl ether
    IUPAC name: Methoxy ethane

Solution 8 (d)

  1. Alcohol: R-OH
    Example: C2H5OH
    Common name: Ethyl alcohol
  2. Amine: R-NH2
    Example: C2H5NH2
    Common Name: Ethanamine
  3. Alkyl Chloride: R-Cl
    Example: C2H5Cl
    Common Name: Ethyl chloride

Solution 8 (e)

  1. Poly saccharide is a natural polymer. It occurs in starch/carbohydrates. It is formed from monomer glucose.
  2. Protein is a natural polymer. It occurs in muscles, hair, enzymes, skin, and egg. It is formed from alpha amino acids.
  3. Rubber is a natural polymer. It occurs in latex of rubber tree. It is formed from monomer isoprene.

Solution 8 (f)

  1. Vinegar is a 5-8% aqueous solution of acetic acid. It is used as a preservative in pickles. It is also used as salad dressing.
  2. Petrol is mixed with ethanol to increase its efficiency as a fuel. This fuel is called gasohol. It is used as fuel in cars and other vehicles.

Solution 8 (g)

Catalyst:

Substances which alter the rate of a chemical reaction and themselves remain chemically unchanged after the reaction are known as catalysts.

Example:

In the process of manufacturing of ammonia Fe is used as catalyst.

 

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