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Diversity in Living World
TAXONOMY:–
Taxonomy is the branch of science which deals the study of nomenclature, classification and principles of classification. Taxonomy word was given by "Candolle" (Taxis -arrangements. Nomos -Law) Aristotle: - He is known as the "father of zoology". He is also known as the father of ancient taxonomy. He classified animals into two groups on the basis of the colour of blood.
(a) Vivipara: - It includes animals which give birth to young-ones. E.g. Mammals.
(b) Ovipara: - It includes animals which lay eggs. E.g. Pisces, Amphibians, Reptiles, Aves etc.
IMPORTANT PHYLA
1. |
Protozoa (included in kingdom – Protista |
- |
e.g. Amoeba, Paramoecium etc |
2. |
Porifera (Kingon – Animalia) |
- |
Sponges |
3. |
Coeleterata/Cnidaria |
- |
Hydra,Jellyfish etc. |
4. |
Ctenophora (minor phylum) |
- |
Pleurobrachia |
5. |
Plathelminthes |
- |
Flat worm (e.g Tape worm) |
6. |
Nemathelminthes/Aschelminthes |
- |
Round worm (eg:Ascaris) |
7. |
Annelida |
- |
Earthworm Leech etc |
8. |
Arthropoda |
- |
Insects,Scorpian,Fly etc |
9. |
Mollusca |
- |
Snail, Pita, Octopus etc |
10. |
Echinoderata |
- |
Star fishes |
11. |
Hemichordata |
- |
Balanoglossus |
12. |
Chordata |
- |
Fish snake, Birds, Monkey etc. |
Symmetry
Germinal layers
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Biology is the science of life forms and living processes. The living world comprises an amazing diversity of living organisms. Early man could easily perceive the difference between inanimate matter and living organisms. Early man deified some of the inanimate matter (wind, sea, fire etc.) and some among the animals and plants. A common feature of all such forms of inanimate and animate objects was the sense of awe or fear that they evoked. The description of living organisms including human beings began much later in human history.
Societies which indulged in anthropocentric view of biology could register limited progress in biological knowledge.
Systematic and monumental description of life forms brought in, out of necessity, detailed systems of identification, nomenclature and classification. The biggest spin off of such studies was the recognition of the sharing of similarities among living organisms both horizontally and vertically. That all present day living organisms are related to each other and also to all organisms that ever lived on this earth, was a revelation which humbled man and led to cultural movements for conservation of biodiversity.
WHAT IS LIVING
Definition
What is Living: - Following are the main characters of “living” –
Characteristics of living
The character which has no exception is called as defining property of life.
I. Growth
Growth is of two types:-
Growth is of two types _
However, cell division occurs in certain tissues to replace lost cells.
Reproduction:
Production of new individual or progeny is called as reproduction.
Reproduction is of two types.
(a) By Asexual spores: - In algae and fungi
(b) By Budding: - In Yeast and Hydra
(c) By Fragmentation: - In Filamentous algae, fungi and the protonema of moss plants
(d) True Regeneration: - Fragmented organisms regenerate the lost part of its body and become a new organism, e.g. Planaria
Note: Regeneration is a process in which only the lost part of the body is repaired or regained e.g., Star fish, Lizard.
(B) Sexual Reproduction: - Reproduction in which gametes are formed by meiosis and fertilisation also takes place to form progeny is called as sexual reproduction.
Metabolism:
Cellular Organization:
Consciousness:
Ability to sense the surrounding environments and respond to these environmental stimuli is called as consciousness.
PLANT KINGDOM
INTRODUCTION
All the multicellular eukaryotic plants are placed in Kingdom-Plantae.They are autotrophic i.e. they manufacture their food by photosynthesis.
THALLOPHYTA
(1) The term "Thallophyta" was given by "Endlicher". According to two kingdom classification, all the algae, fungi and bacteria were placed in thallophyta, because their plant body is thallus.
(2) All the thallophytes are non-vascular.
(3) In thallophyta plant is haploid i.e. gametophyte
Eg. Green algae, red algae, yellow green algae, dinoflagellate, cellular slime mold.
Note: Exceptionally in some thallophytes, plant is diploid i.e. sporophyte
(4) In thallophyta the male sex organs are called as Antheridia and female sex organs are called as Oogonia. Sex organs are unicellular & Jacket less [Jacket - layer of sterile cells]
(5) The sexual reproduction in thallophyta is isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous.
(6) In thallophyta, sexual reproduction takes place through zygotic meiosis, therefore embryo is not formed.
FOLLOWING PLANT GROUPS ARE INCLUDED IN KINGDOM-PLANTAE
Introduction to GROUP -ALGAE
General Characteristrics
Classification of Alage
The classification of algae is mainly based on the photosynthetic pigments. In addition to this, cell wall composition and stored food are also the base of classification.
Algae is divided into following divisions
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
It hard to believe that there are more than 20,000 species of ants , 3,00,000 species of beetles, 28,000 species of fishes and nearly 20,000 species of orchids.
BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is the term popularised by the sociobiologist Edward Wilson to describe the combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation. The most important of them are-
Genetic diversity: A single species might show high diversity at the genetic level over its distributional range. The genetic variation shown by the medicinal plant Rauwolfia vomitoria growing in different Himalayan ranges might be in terms of the potency and concentration of the active chemical (reserpine) that the plant produces. India has more than 50,000 genetically different strains of rice, and 1,000 varieties of mango.
Species diversity: The diversity at the species level. For example, the Western Ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the Eastern Ghats.
Ecological diversity: At the ecosystem level, India, for instance, with its deserts, rain forests, mangroves, coral reefs, wetlands, estuaries, and alpine meadows has greater ecosystem diversity than a Scandinavian country like Norway.
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