CBSE Class 12-science Answered

Name of the reaction

Substrate

Reactant

Intermidiate

Reaction condition (temperature or pressure or catalyst)

Product

Reactions of Phenols: 

Kolbe’s Reaction

Phenols  

NaOH

Phenoxide ion  

1)      CO₂

2)      H⁺

Ortho hydroxybenzoic acid  

Reimer-Tiemann  Reaction 

Phenols  

chloroform in the presence of NaOH

substituted benzal chloride  

Alkaline hydrolysis

salicylaldehyde  

Reactions of Ethers:

Williamson Synthesis

alkyl halide

R-X

sodium alkoxide.

R’-O⁻Na⁺

S_N2 mechanism

Ethers

R-O-R’

Friedel-Crafts alkylation 

Anisole

Methyl chloride

1)Anhydrous AlCl₃

2) CS₂ 

 2-Methoxy tolune

And

4-Methoxy tolune

Friedel-Crafts acylation 

Anisole

Acyl chloride

1)Anhydrous AlCl₃

2) CS₂ 

2-Methoxy acetophenone

and

4-Methoxy acetophenone

Reactions of Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic acids

Rosenmund Reduction

Acyl chloride

H₂

palladium catalyst and barium sulphate

Aldehydes

Stephen Reaction

Alkyl nitriles

R-C≡N 

stannous chloride

SnCl₂

Imine

HCl/H₃O⁺

Aldehyde

RCHO 

Etard Reaction ( Use of Chromyl Chloride)

Tolune    

Chromyl chloride 

a chromium complex   

CS₂

Oxidation 

benzaldehyde   

Gatterman –Koch Reaction

Benzene  

CO and HCl  

AlCl₃ or CuCl 

benzaldehyde or p-tolualdehyde   

Haloform reaction

Methyl Ketone or Acetaldehyde  

sodium hypohalite

NaOX

sodium salts of corresponding acids and Haloform   

Aldol Condensation

Aldehydes and ketones with at least one α-hydrogen 

dilute alkali

β-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or β-hydroxy ketones (ketol)

HCl/H₃O⁺

α,β-Unsaturated aldehyde

or

α,β-Unsaturated Ketone

Cannizzaro reaction

Aldehydes with no α-hydrogen

2 

concentrated alkali.

Heat

Alcohol

and

carboxylic acid salt

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Sandmeyer’s reaction

a primary aromatic amine

sodium nitrite NaNO₂ cold aqueous mineral acid

a diazonium salt   

Aryl halide 

Grove’s Process

Alcohol

dry hydrogen chloride gas  

Anhydrous ZnCl₂.

Haloalkane