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ICSE Class 10 Answered

Please provide me All the functional groups of Organic chemistry provided by I.U.P.A.C in the preffered order (with structure, name, prefix and suffix).
Asked by dr_pradip27121972 | 13 May, 2018, 03:30: PM
answered-by-expert Expert Answer

Nomenclature

It is the system of assigning names to organic compounds.

 

The Systems of Nomenclature is

  1. Trivial system
  2. IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) system

 

According to the Suffix IUPAC system, the name of an organic compound consists of three parts:

  1. Root word
  2.  Prefix

 

  • Root Word

It depends on the number of carbon atoms present in the longest carbon chain selected.

Number of carbon atoms

Root word

One carbon atom           C1

Meth

Two carbon atoms           C2

Eth

Three carbon atoms        C3

Prop

Four carbon atoms          C4

But

Five carbon atoms           C5

Pent

Six carbon atoms             C6

Hex

Seven carbon atoms        C7

Hept

Eight carbon atoms          C8

Oct

Nine carbon atoms           C9

Non

Ten carbon atoms         C10

Dec

Ø  Suffix

The root word is followed by an appropriate suffix, which represents the nature of the bond in a carbon-carbon atom.

Nature of bond

Suffix

General name

General formula

Single bond (C–C)

  -ane

Alkane

CnH2n+2

Double bond (C=C)

  -ene

Alkene

CnH2n

Triple bond (CΞC)

  -yne

Alkyne

CnH2n−2

Group (R-)

  -yl

Alkyl

CnH2n+1

 

 

Ø  PrefixIt denotes the substituent, alkyl or functional group and its position in the carbon chain.

Di-, tri- and tetra- are used for two, three and four groups of the same type, respectively.

 

Functional Group:

 

Characteristics of a Functional Group

i.    Compounds of the same functional groups are identified using the same type of tests.

ii.   The physical and chemical properties of the compounds of different functional groups are different.

iii.  There exists a homologous series of compounds containing a particular type of functional group.

 

Functional group

General formulae

Organic compound

Suffix

Examples with common and IUPAC name

Halide

–X

(F, Cl, Br, I)

 R–X

Haloalkanes

ane

CH3Cl

Common name: Methyl chloride

IUPAC name: Chloromethane

Hydroxyl

–OH

R–OH

Alcohols

ol

C2H5OH

Common name: Ethyl alcohol

IUPAC name: Ethanol

Aldehyde

–CHO

R-HC=O

Aldehydes

al

CH3CHO

Common name: Acetaldehyde

IUPAC name: Ethanal

Carboxyl

–COOH

R-COOH

    

Carboxylic acids

oic acid

CH3CH2COOH

Common name: Propionic acid

IUPAC name: Propanoic acid

Keto -COR

R-CO-R

Ketones

one

CH3COC2H5

Common name: Diethyl ketone

IUPAC name: Pentanone

Ethers

-OR

R–O–R′

Ethers

oxy

CH3–O–C2H5

Common name: Ethyl methyl ether

IUPAC name: Methoxy ethane

 

Number of carbon atoms

Root word

One carbon atom           C1

Meth

Two carbon atoms           C2

Eth

Three carbon atoms        C3

Prop

Four carbon atoms          C4

But

Five carbon atoms           C5

Pent

Six carbon atoms             C6

Hex

Seven carbon atoms        C7

Hept

Eight carbon atoms          C8

Oct

Nine carbon atoms           C9

Non

Ten carbon atoms         C10

Dec

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