CBSE Class 12-commerce Answered

1) Planning: Planning means taking decisions regarding what is to be done, by whom and how. In other words, it involves the setting of goals and objectives and devising suitable means of achieving them in an effective and efficient manner. Planning forms the stepping stone for effective management.

2) Organising: After planning, the next step in management is organising. It involves identifying the various tasks and resources which would be required for the implementation of the plans framed. Under the organising function, the manager assigns the duties and tasks to various groups and departments. Authority relationships are also defined.

3)Staffing: Staffing refers to hiring appropriate personnel according to the requirements of the work. Staffing includes functions such as hiring, training and development of people.

4)Directing: Directing involves guiding the people in various tasks and activities in the organisation. It comprises two important aspects—motivation and leadership. Motivation involves providing the right encouraging environment for the personnel to work towards the goals and objectives of the organisation. Leadership, on the other hand, implies effectively getting the work done by appropriately praising and providing criticism.