if the thallophyte,bryophyte and the pteridophyte don't bear seeds how do they reproduce?

 

Dear Student,

Thallophytes primarily include algae, fungi and bacteria. They reproduce asexually by budding, fission, fragmentation. Few forms of algae also reproduce sexually via oogamy, isogamy.

Bryophytes reproduce asexually as well as sexually by oogamy. They possess sex organs called antheridium and archegonium.

Pteridophytes or ferns reproduce by spore formation, and by sexual reproduction (oogamy).

We hope that clarifies your query.
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