1. what are clonning vector ? write the feature that are required to facilitate cloning in a vector.

 

2. write the basic three steps in genetically modifying an organism.

Dear Pooja,

Answer to one of your questions is given below:

Cloning vectors are DNA molecules that carry a foreign DNA segment and replicate inside the host cell. Plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs), Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) and viruses are some of the commonly used vectors.

Features that are Required to Facilitate Cloning into a Vector

Origin of replication (ori)	Origin of replication (ori) is a specific sequence of DNA bases which is responsible for initiating replication.
Selectable markers	Some genes called selectable markers help in selecting those host cells which contain the transformed vectors and eliminating the non-transformants.
Cloning sites	A variety of unique recognition sites are present in the DNA for the action of restriction endonucleases.
Vectors for cloning genes in plants and animals	Once a gene or DNA fragment is joined to a suitable vector such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, it is transferred into a bacterial plant or animal host where it undergoes multiplication.

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Topperlearning Team.